Medical Ethics and Euthanasia free essay sample

The mere act of euthanasia represents the most gentle and painless way of terminating a persons life in order to relieve them from their suffering. This term itself is derived from the Greek word euthanatos, which literally means easy death. In many cases, it is carried out at the persons request, but there are times when they may be too ill and the decision has to be made by relatives, medics or, in some instances, the courts. Deciding whether to euthanise a person or not is one of the ost difficult questions concerning not only practical, but also religious and ethical matters. However, people should choose euthanasia because it can help the patient by relieving his/her pain and suffering, it can reduce economic costs and provide human resources for other people suffering from curable diseases, and it helps the sick persons family to overcome the loss without much pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Ethics and Euthanasia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the first and most important reasons for choosing euthanasia is definitely the act of relieving a persons suffering. Family members all over the world usually choose euthanasia in order to save their loved one suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition, from further pain and suffering. In most cases the patients themselves give their consent to euthanasia, which is considered to be the act of voluntary euthanasia. Besides voluntary there is non-voluntary euthanasia, also known as mercy killing, which is performed only when a person is in a persistent vegetative state and cannot make a decision on his/her own. This means that the amily has to give their consent to euthanasia instead of the patient. Even though the question raises many debates including ethics, morality and religion, the only purpose of euthanasia should be to prevent a person from living in an irreversible coma, constantly taking pain relievers. Taking into consideration the states the patients are usually in, deciding to euthanise them is the right thing to do. In addition to this, it is a fact that many countries are dealing with a shortage of hospital space and medical personnel. In other words, keeping someone alive affects not only the lives of the patients and their families, but also the lives of other people who could be saved instead of continuing the lives of those who cannot recover. Furthermore, to keep people alive past the point they can take care of themselves and live normal lives has no purpose, for the resources used for their treatments could be spent on treating people who are suffering from curable diseases. All in all, euthanasia is a good choice which helps many people in many different ways. On top of all this, euthanasia should be performed in order to help the family overcome the loss of their loved one more quickly. Even though the family is in contact with the patient and always by his/her side, the pain and suffering that person feels during a disease can be absolutely incomprehensible to those who have not gone through it. The family feels helpless because they can do nothing to help and reduce the amount of pain the person is feeling. To lose a family member is one of the hardest things a person can experience, and if this can be reduced by uthanising the patient, it should be done. As it can be seen, euthanasia actually represents a humane deed which can help many people. It is an act of not only relieving the patients pain and suffering, but also a way of reducing the shortage of economic costs and medical personnel and a way of helping the patients family overcome the loss of their loved one. So, the act of euthanasia should not be considered as killing a person or ending a life by force, but as a way of giving a person a chance to be relieved from never ending pain and suffering.

foreign policy essays

foreign policy essays Australia was a good friend to the Indonesian independence movement in the years after World War 2, but Australia stood silently by as Dutch New Guinea was given to Indonesia. Again, Australia stood on the sidelines when Indonesian soldiers killed Australian journalists in Balibo, invaded East Timor and annexed the territory in 1975. [Review, November, 1995] Australias indecisiveness in matters of foreign policy has significantly affected the make up of the regions political structures. Bipartisan political inactivity in Australia, prevalent during the quiet time 1955-1965 compounded earlier decisions of foreign policy made in the highly active post WW2 period. Throughout and after the Second World War, Australia was an avid supporter of the Indonesian separatist or independence movement seeking self-determination from the colonial Dutch government. Indonesia had been in a state of hostility and fear for decades. The few enraged independence rebels, regular feeble attempts at revolution were put down harshly and without question by the Dutch Colonial Forces. Australias political arrogance in providing illicit support for the rebels, yet having a head in the sand attitude to subsequent results of their actions contributed immensely to the Indonesia problems of today. ...

Chicago vs. Turabian (3 Key Questions)

Chicago vs. Turabian (3 Key Questions) Chicago vs. Turabian (3 Key Questions) There are many referencing systems used in academic writing. And many of these systems look similar at first glance. But possibly the most confusing are â€Å"Chicago† and â€Å"Turabian† style referencing. How do they differ? And does it matter which one you use? Let us explain. 1. What Are Chicago and Turabian Referencing? When people refer to â€Å"Chicago referencing,† they mean the citation style set out in The Chicago Manual of Style. Sometimes known as CMoS for short, this style guide is published by the University of Chicago Press and aimed at professional scholars and publishers. â€Å"Turabian referencing,† meanwhile, refers to the citation style set out in Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. But this is actually a simplified version of the citation style in CMoS, aimed specifically at students and focused on academic writing. Style manuals published by the University of Chicago Press. 2. How Do Chicago and Turabian Differ? In practice, there are no real differences between â€Å"Chicago† and â€Å"Turabian† referencing. You can see this if you look at the examples of Turabian and Chicago book citations from the CMoS site: Chicago 1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time  (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16. Turabian 2. Katie Kitamura, A Separation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017), 25. As you can see, the format here is identical in each case. The same is true for other source types. There are some differences between the two style guides as a whole. But these simply reflect the Turabian style guide’s focus on students rather than publishers. As such, the Turabian guide: Is significantly shorter than the full CMoS due to not including information about preparing book manuscripts and journal articles for publication Contains a section on how to write and structure a research paper Features less information on grammar, spelling, and word usage Turabian is therefore much better if you are looking for specific advice on writing a college paper rather than a general style guide. 3. Which Referencing System Should I Use? The Chicago and Turabian style guides are tailored to different audiences, so you may want to use the one most suited to your needs. However, both style guides recommend the same approach to referencing sources, so it does not make a difference from this perspective. In other words, advice on how to cite a source in Chicago referencing will also apply to Turabian referencing. And advice on Turabian referencing will apply to Chicago style, too. The more important question is which version of Chicago/Turabian referencing you’re using: Notes and bibliography style, which requires referencing sources in footnotes as well as giving publication information in a bibliography. Author–date style, which uses in-text citations plus a reference list. As a general rule, footnote referencing is more common in the humanities, while author–date referencing is used in the physical and social sciences. However, make sure to check your school’s style guide or ask a professor if you are not 100% sure about which approach to use in your work.

Typical Day in the Life of Middle Class Family Essay

Typical Day in the Life of Middle Class Family - Essay Example As she got out of bed, her maid Anne, walked in bearing a tray of coffee and wished her good morning. She replied rather distantly, her mind already on the various things she had to prepare for this week. Amelia, her youngest daughter, really needed a governess. She needed to learn a little discipline and decorum. After all what was overlooked in India wouldn't do here. She was only eight it was true, but London society was very different. The child had been allowed to run a little wild in India what with her ayah and the various servants around. I'll talk to Susan today and see what she recommends, she thought , as she was helped into her corset by Anne. The maid laid out her morning dress on the bed as Mrs. Bentham got into her stockings and donned the various layers of petticoats that would hold up her skirts. Walking downstairs she ran a slightly critical fingertip over the statuary in the niche on the landing and frowned at the light layer of dust that covered it. Downstairs she found her housekeeper, Mrs. Lovell waiting for her to discuss the weeks menus. "I've spoken to Charles ma'am and I think it would be better to order the fish from another man. I don't think the man's to be trusted at all these days. I had to return the plaice today; it wasn't fresh at all." The housekeeper said. She continued into the dining room, where... "Yes'm". She continued into the dining room, where she found her husband already at breakfast. She sighed as he folded his newspaper and smiled at her. He was a man who was used to activity and enjoyed solving problems. The years in India as a district judge had suited him. Now, upon his return to London, he was more than a little lost in the life expected of a man of his class. He was a regular in his club where he enjoyed long discussions on politics and science, but she knew that he secretly longed for a far more challenging practice of law than his genteel clientele of upper - middle class personages allowed. Lately, he had been hinting of his wish to handle some rather disreputable cases from the lower classes of London. "Well, I've finally got my hands on it," he said waving a book at her. "What dear" "Darwin's treatise on the origin of species. Heard so much about it, that I thought I should order it from Jones. Now perhaps I can argue with that old fool Samuels." "I really wish you wouldn't dear", she replied, perturbed. "After all, he's as much right to believe in God as anyone does. And I heard that this is really preposterous, claiming we arose from animals and so on." "Good morning, Papa, Mamma.", chimed a voice from the door. The couple looked up to their eldest daughter Lydia, tripping in , in a pretty pink-sprigged dress. She was nineteen and pretty and had been a great success in London's society since they had returned six months ago. As Mrs. Bentham looked at her, her thoughts went to the problem of getting her married well. It was high time, now that there was so much interest in her. The girl needed a new opera gown and then there was the

Reflective Practice In Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Practice In Education - Essay Example Reflective writing is the narrative mode of analysis of the processes outlined - it explores not only what the experience was, but considers the meaning the writer attached to it at the time and subsequently, and how this meaning is likely to influence action in the future. Thus reflective writing may contribute to continued professional development in a number of ways. The process of writing reflectively may in itself be an important step in an individual's attempt to make sense of her/his practice (Coles, 2002). In this paper, three reflective writing models namely by Gibbs (1998), David Kolb, and Jenny Moon will be discussed. Throughout the discussion, the elements of these models, as well as their pros and cons, will be illustrated together. The pros and cons of the different models are set in cases where there is under the supervision and without. In each case setting, pros and cons are in the context for classroom sizes of one, two and many. This is applicable to the models and the best singled out for the healthcare industry. generalizing and conceptualizing at Stage 3. If this is borne out, the 'lesson is learned' and is utilized in future situations resulting in more developed findings and so the cycle is repeated and the learning proceeds in a spiral. Thus individuals learn by retrieving what they know or have experienced, reflecting on this, linking these observations to new concepts or existing knowledge or new circumstances, before trying out the revised problem-solving technique which provides further findings and so the spiral continues (Cameron, Coles, 1994). The model naturally unfolds its use by its direct relation to "real-world" problem as the actual happening at present, like an actual engineering problem which is addressed by the "Concrete Experience" quadrant of the Kolb cycle. This helps one to identify the real experience to fend off all myths. Using the Kolb cycle for the solution in engineering sciences is a natural choice letting one see the real thing as they are: real. In the handling of Mathematics, problem-solving relating to everyday lives will find Kolb cycle handy and concrete to adhere to.

Intelligence Definition Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Definition Essay Evaluate Spearman’s contribution to our understanding of Intelligence. Plan: * Introduction – definition of intelligence, and say what I am going to be talking about * Paragraph one /two– outline Spearman’s theory * Paragraph three/four – evaluate how organisations use Spearman’s theory * Paragraph five – evaluate strengths and weaknesses compared to Gardners theory * Conclusion – relate back to the question Essay Intelligence can be defined as â€Å"the capability of individuals to process information to behave effectively within the environment they are in and learn from previous experiences. † (Arnold 2010). Spearman in the 1900s came up with the General Intelligence Theory. Within this essay I am going to evaluate Spearman’s theory of general intelligence by looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the theory. Firstly, looking at how Spearman’s theory can be applied to organisations, then comparing it with Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences. Spearman (1900’s) developed the theory of general intelligence. Spearman’s research followed that of Binet, who was commissioned by the school system in France to develop a way to differentiate those students who were uneducable, or severely mentally handicapped, from other students. Binet developed an intelligence test to do so. This test consisted of items (questions) that required complex processes of the mnd and examined the comprehensive individual. The success of Binet’s test led to a much greater question: what exactly are these tests measuring? The claim was that they were measuring intelligence. This led to debates about what intelligence was. In endeavouring to answer this question, Spearman observed that schoolchildren’s grades across seemingly unrelated subjects were positively correlated. He then administered different types of test to many people. A statistical analysis of the results showed that there was a positive correlation between the tests for any given individual. In other words, if an individual performed well on a test of verbal abilities, then that same person also performed well on another test of a different cognitive ability, such as numerical reasoning. Spearman named this positive correlation ‘g’, that is ‘general intelligence’. He argued that ‘g’ was identified by using a large battery (number) of tests, that is ‘g’ was not measured perfectly by any single test. His work led to others trying to create tests that would assess this general underlying ability. Spearman was the first researcher to use factor analysis (a statistical test that he developed to identify underlying commonalities, or ‘factors’). His theory is sometimes called the Two Factor Theory as he concluded that intelligence consisted of two factors. The first of these he called the ‘g’ factor, that is general intelligence that influenced all round performance. The second of these he called the ‘s’ factor, for specific abilities, which he used to account for differences between scores on different tasks, including test-specific factors such as the impact of light, temperature, the time of day that the test was given. Spearman’s major contribution lies in his ideas about general intelligence, particularly the idea that general intelligence influences all round performance. Spearman’s ideas about general intelligence continue to influence the development of cognitive testing today. And it is in the area of testing that organisations most benefit from Spearman’s work. Specifically, the idea that there is one general intelligence influences much of the testing in selection processes within organisations. For example, many organisations use cognitive testing (verbal and numerical critical reasoning) at early stages in their selection process to filter out those candidates that do not perform at the level required. Following Spearman’s theory more thoroughly could suggest that organisations might be justified in basing their selection activities entirely on a measure of general intelligence. However, this would lack credibility, or face validity, for the candidates, and for many managers. Indeed, some would argue strongly that there are more particular skills that they want candidates to demonstrate that are more directly relevant to the particular job. A major weakness of Spearman’s general intelligence theory is that it can be misunderstood, leading for example to the idea that if an individual is good at one aspect of work they must be good at another aspect. For example, a computer programmer may be very good at their job, however when they are asked to write a report they may feel way out of their comfort zone and will perform badly. However, Spearman is not arguing about ability to perform a task. Rather, he is arguing that ‘general intelligence’ explains a person’s ability across a range of cognitive tests. At this point, there is value in contrasting Gardner’s (1980’s) theory of Multiple Intelligences, which could give us a better understanding of intelligence. Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s general intelligence theory (Mullins, 2010). Instead, he thought that there are many types of intelligence and if an individual excels in one topic, it doesn’t mean they excel at everything. Theses intelligences included: Musical, Numeracy, Literacy, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Linguistic. Gardner found, therefore, that individuals can be intelligent in different areas. It might be argued that the value for an organisation would be a test that identified the particular kind of intelligence that each individual has. In conclusion Spearman’s theory of general intelligence has had a significant influence on how selection testing is designed and carried out within organisations. The desire to predict performance before hiring a new employee favours the idea that there is one general intelligence that can be assessed by a battery of cognitive tests. However, new theories such as Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory (1980’s) and Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence, challenge such a perspective.

Microbial Health of the Rhizosphere :: Biology Bacteria Science Essays Papers

Microbial Health of the Rhizosphere Works Cited Missing The importance of the interactions between microorganisms, plants and the rhizosphere was realized as early as 1904 by Soil Bacteriologist and Professor of Agronomy at the Technical College of Munich, Lorenz Hiltner. â€Å"The term rhizosphere was introduced by Hiltner in 1904.† (Gobran, 2001) Hiltner â€Å"emphasized the critical role of microbial activities in the ‘rhizosphere’ in the nutrition and general health of plants.† (Curl, 1986) The term rhizosphere was used to â€Å"describe specifically the interaction between bacteria and legume roots.† (Lynch, 1990) Today there is debate among microbiologists and plant scientists regarding the definition of rhizosphere (Curl, 1986). â€Å"Rhizo† is derived from the Greek word â€Å"rhiza,† meaing â€Å"root†. â€Å"Sphere† is â€Å"one’s field of action, influence, or existence: one’s natural surroundings.† (Lynch, 1990 â€Å"Rhizosphere is the zone where root activity significantly influences biological properties.† (Manthey, 1994) There are three main areas of research that are done on the rhizosphere. The first one is the â€Å"influence of roots on microorganisms.† The second is â€Å"influence of microorganisms on plant growth,† and the third is â€Å"rhizosphere influence on soil-borne pathogens and plant disease.† (Curl, 1986) When Hiltner first talked about the rhizosphere in 1904, he stated, â€Å"The nutrition of plant in general certainly depends upon the composition of the soil flora in the rhizosphere†¦If plants have the tendency to attract useful bacteria by their root excretions, it would not be surprising if they would also attract uninvited guests which, like the useful organisms, adapt to specific root excretions.† This speech identified two of the main topics of rhizosphere research: â€Å"(1) the relation of the rhizosphere to plant nutrition, growth, and development, and (2) the influence of rhizosphere phenomena on pathogens and pathogenesis.† (Curl, 1986) It was realized as early as 1904 that rhizosphere microorganisms can cause disease or transmit viruses as well as benefit the plant. There are microorganisms in the bulk soil as well as in the rhizosphere. The microorganisms in the soil include bacteria, fungi, protists, actinomycetes, and nematodes. These microorganisms are not distributed uniformly around the soil; they are congregated around nutrient sources. A nutrient source for these microorganisms is organic matter. (Curl, 1986) In the rhizosphere there are different amounts and types of microorganisms than there are in the bulk soil due to different substrate, or â€Å"the surface on which an organism grows or is attached.† Other factors that vary from rhizosphere to bulk soil are the acidity, moisture, nutrients, electrical conductivity, and redox potential (Lynch, 1990).